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  "title": "Robots",
  "description_html": "Historical images of robots, mechanical men, or related to the Karel Capek play, R.U.R.: Rossum's Universal Robots. Collection compiled during research for my article, &quot;Why Do Robots Rebel? The Labor History of a Cultural Icon&quot; <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1215/15476715-1899057\" rel=\"noreferrer nofollow\">doi.org/10.1215/15476715-1899057</a>",
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      "description_text": "Cartoon depicts electric utility companies as a robot with the words \"giant power\" written on its chest and \"private ownership\" on its feet. The caption--The Giant with the Feet of Clay--suggests the need for public ownership of utilities. Labor Age, December 1931",
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      "description_text": "Labor Age, June 1930: \"Unemployment insurance can in some measure protect the defenceless workers from its depradations.\"",
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      "description_html": "Labor Age, February 1930, p. 23.",
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      "description_html": "Helena Glory (Miss Kathlene MacDonel) and Radius, a Robot (John Rutherford).  From The Czechoslovak Review v. 6 (November 1922): 298.  From the collection of the Newberry Library.\n\n&quot;Somewhere in the second act of 'R.U.R.', these sinister robot creatures, influenced and inebriated by the virulent hootch of civilization take it into their heads to revolt.  They have acquired through propinquity and the help of a radical biologist, the hatred, irritability and selfishness of human beings.&quot;",
      "description_text": "Helena Glory (Miss Kathlene MacDonel) and Radius, a Robot (John Rutherford). From The Czechoslovak Review v. 6 (November 1922): 298. From the collection of the Newberry Library.\n\n\"Somewhere in the second act of 'R.U.R.', these sinister robot creatures, influenced and inebriated by the virulent hootch of civilization take it into their heads to revolt. They have acquired through propinquity and the help of a radical biologist, the hatred, irritability and selfishness of human beings.\"",
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      "description_html": "Advertisement by American Federation of Musicians condemning use of automated music in theaters.  Literary Digest, vol. 108, February 21, 1931, p. 41.",
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      "description_html": "&quot;A Scene in &quot;R.U.R.,&quot; a Theater Guild Production Now Playing at the Frazee Theater, New York City.  The Robots have wiped out mankind with the exception of Louis Calvert, who they believed possessed the secret of manufacturing Robots.  They spared his life in the hope that he might be able to teach them how to perpetuate their kind.&quot;  from <i>The Outlook</i> vol. 132, December 13, 1922, p. 648.  R.U.R. (Rossum's Universal Robots) is a play by the Czech author Karel Capek.  Although Outlook was a mainstream magazine, the same image was reproduced in The Labor Age along with a discussion of the play.\n\nThe Outlook's review:  The Theater Guild opened its season with one of the most striking plays recently produced in New York--&quot;R.U.R.,&quot; a drama from Czechoslovakia, by Capek.  Its title stands for Rossum's Universal Robots, a chemically produced race of servants and laborers, created by Rossum and his successors with the purpose of eliminating the curse of Adam from the human race.  These curious creatures, resembling men and women in almost everything but the power of emotional experience, are shipped out from the factory in thousands.  They work, fight, and die for their masters in stolid submission.  It is only when the sentimental wife of the factory manager persuades the chief chemist to labor to give these manikins souls that the Robots revolt.  Led by a few of the super-manikins, they succeed in exterminating the human race save for a single man.  \n\nThe play, as its plot would indicate, is melodramatic in character, but it is a melodrama shot through with flashes of brilliant satire.  The play is produced in a manner fully up to the best Theater Guild tradition.  It is now playing at the Frazee Theater. ",
      "description_text": "\"A Scene in \"R.U.R.,\" a Theater Guild Production Now Playing at the Frazee Theater, New York City. The Robots have wiped out mankind with the exception of Louis Calvert, who they believed possessed the secret of manufacturing Robots. They spared his life in the hope that he might be able to teach them how to perpetuate their kind.\" from The Outlook vol. 132, December 13, 1922, p. 648. R.U.R. (Rossum's Universal Robots) is a play by the Czech author Karel Capek. Although Outlook was a mainstream magazine, the same image was reproduced in The Labor Age along with a discussion of the play.\n\nThe Outlook's review: The Theater Guild opened its season with one of the most striking plays recently produced in New York--\"R.U.R.,\" a drama from Czechoslovakia, by Capek. Its title stands for Rossum's Universal Robots, a chemically produced race of servants and laborers, created by Rossum and his successors with the purpose of eliminating the curse of Adam from the human race. These curious creatures, resembling men and women in almost everything but the power of emotional experience, are shipped out from the factory in thousands. They work, fight, and die for their masters in stolid submission. It is only when the sentimental wife of the factory manager persuades the chief chemist to labor to give these manikins souls that the Robots revolt. Led by a few of the super-manikins, they succeed in exterminating the human race save for a single man. \n\nThe play, as its plot would indicate, is melodramatic in character, but it is a melodrama shot through with flashes of brilliant satire. The play is produced in a manner fully up to the best Theater Guild tradition. It is now playing at the Frazee Theater.",
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      "title": "Riding the Machine",
      "description_html": "Illustration by F. G. Cooper, from William F. Ogburn, You and Machines (Chicago:  University of Chicago Press, 1934).\n\n&quot;It is Youth to whom we must look--not old men.  They must learn to adjust themselves to the Machine.  Perhaps they can see in advance what some of its effects will be.  Our ancestors had the problem of adjusting themselves to snow and ice, to the sabre-toothed tiger and the woolly rhinoceros.  The problem of the modern age is to adjust itself to a new monster, the Machine.  Its habitat is not the forest, but the modern city.  The future is in the hands of Youth.&quot; p. 52.",
      "description_text": "Illustration by F. G. Cooper, from William F. Ogburn, You and Machines (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1934).\n\n\"It is Youth to whom we must look--not old men. They must learn to adjust themselves to the Machine. Perhaps they can see in advance what some of its effects will be. Our ancestors had the problem of adjusting themselves to snow and ice, to the sabre-toothed tiger and the woolly rhinoceros. The problem of the modern age is to adjust itself to a new monster, the Machine. Its habitat is not the forest, but the modern city. The future is in the hands of Youth.\" p. 52.",
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      "description_html": "Illustration by F. G. Cooper, from William F. Ogburn, You and Machines (Chicago:  University of Chicago Press, 1934).",
      "description_text": "Illustration by F. G. Cooper, from William F. Ogburn, You and Machines (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1934).",
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      "title": "With Pleasure!",
      "description_html": "Illustration by F. G. Cooper, from William F. Ogburn, You and Machines (Chicago:  University of Chicago Press, 1934).",
      "description_text": "Illustration by F. G. Cooper, from William F. Ogburn, You and Machines (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1934).",
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      "title": "Old and New",
      "description_html": "Illustration by F. G. Cooper, from William F. Ogburn, You and Machines (Chicago:  University of Chicago Press, 1934).",
      "description_text": "Illustration by F. G. Cooper, from William F. Ogburn, You and Machines (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1934).",
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      "title": "Robots",
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      "title": "Company Unions",
      "description_html": "Company Unions: A Study Outline with Special Reference to the ILGWU.",
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